Le télescope Kitt Peak de l’Observatoire national aide à déterminer cela[{ » attribute= » »>Jupiter-like Planet is the lowest-density gas giant ever detected around a red dwarf.
A gas giant exoplanet with the density of a marshmallow has been detected in orbit around a cool red dwarf star. A suite of astronomical instruments was used to make the observations, including the NASA-funded NEID radial-velocity instrument on the WIYN 3.5-meter Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory, a Program of NSF’s NOIRLab. Named TOI-3757 b, the exoplanet is the fluffiest gas giant planet ever discovered around this type of star.
Using the WIYN 3.5-meter Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona, astronomers have observed an unusual Jupiter-like planet in orbit around a cool red dwarf star. Located in the constellation of Auriga the Charioteer around 580 light-years from Earth, this planet, identified as TOI-3757 b, is the lowest-density planet ever detected around a red dwarf star and is estimated to have an average density akin to that of a marshmallow.
Red dwarf stars are the smallest and dimmest members of so-called main-sequence stars — stars that convert hydrogen into helium in their cores at a steady rate. Although they are “cool” compared to stars like our Sun, red dwarf stars can be extremely active and erupt with powerful flares. This can strip orbiting planets of their atmospheres, making this star system a seemingly inhospitable location to form such a gossamer planet.
Shubham Kanodia, chercheur au Carnegie Institution for Science’s Earth and Planetary Laboratory et premier auteur d’un article publié dans Journal astrologiqueà. Jusqu’à présent, cela n’a été observé que par de petits échantillons d’enquêtes Doppler, qui ont généralement trouvé des planètes géantes loin de ces étoiles naines rouges. Jusqu’à présent, nous n’avions pas suffisamment d’échantillons de planètes pour trouver des planètes gazeuses à proximité de manière robuste. »
Il y a encore des mystères inexpliqués autour de TOI-3757 b, le principal étant la façon dont une planète géante gazeuse pourrait se former autour d’une étoile naine rouge, en particulier une planète à faible densité. Cependant, l’équipe de Kanodia pense avoir une solution à ce mystère.
Ils suggèrent que la densité extrêmement faible de TOI-3757 b pourrait être le résultat de deux facteurs. Le premier concerne le noyau rocheux de la planète ; On pense que les géantes gazeuses commencent comme des noyaux rocheux massifs avec une masse environ dix fois la masse de la Terre, à quel point elles attirent rapidement de grandes quantités de gaz à proximité pour former les géantes gazeuses que nous voyons aujourd’hui. TOI-3757b a une plus faible abondance d’éléments lourds que les autres naines M avec des géantes gazeuses, ce qui peut avoir entraîné la formation du noyau rocheux plus lentement, retardant le début de l’accumulation de gaz et affectant ainsi la densité globale de la planète.
Un deuxième facteur peut être l’orbite de la planète, qui est provisoirement considérée comme légèrement elliptique. Il y a des moments où il se rapproche de son étoile plus que d’autres fois, ce qui entraîne un excès de chaleur important qui peut faire gonfler l’atmosphère de la planète.
Satellite en transit de la NASA pour l’étude des exoplanètes ([{ » attribute= » »>TESS) initially spotted the planet. Kanodia’s team then made follow-up observations using ground-based instruments, including NEID and NESSI (NN-EXPLORE Exoplanet Stellar Speckle Imager), both housed at the WIYN 3.5-meter Telescope; the Habitable-zone Planet Finder (HPF) on the Hobby-Eberly Telescope; and the Red Buttes Observatory (RBO) in Wyoming.
TESS surveyed the crossing of this planet TOI-3757 b in front of its star, which allowed astronomers to calculate the planet’s diameter to be about 150,000 kilometers (100,000 miles) or about just slightly larger than that of Jupiter. The planet finishes one complete orbit around its host star in just 3.5 days, 25 times less than the closest planet in our Solar System — Mercury — which takes about 88 days to do so.
The astronomers then used NEID and HPF to measure the star’s apparent motion along the line of sight, also known as its radial velocity. These measurements provided the planet’s mass, which was calculated to be about one-quarter that of Jupiter, or about 85 times the mass of the Earth. Knowing the size and the mass allowed Kanodia’s team to calculate TOI-3757 b’s average density as being 0.27 grams per cubic centimeter (about 17 grams per cubic feet), which would make it less than half the density of Saturn (the lowest-density planet in the Solar System), about one quarter the density of water (meaning it would float if placed in a giant bathtub filled with water), or in fact, similar in density to a marshmallow.
“Potential future observations of the atmosphere of this planet using NASA’s new James Webb Space Telescope could help shed light on its puffy nature,” says Jessica Libby-Roberts, a postdoctoral researcher at Pennsylvania State University and the second author on this paper.
“Finding more such systems with giant planets — which were once theorized to be extremely rare around red dwarfs — is part of our goal to understand how planets form,” says Kanodia.
The discovery highlights the importance of NEID in its ability to confirm some of the candidate exoplanets currently being discovered by NASA’s TESS mission, providing important targets for the new James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to follow up on and begin characterizing their atmospheres. This will in turn inform astronomers what the planets are made of and how they formed and, for potentially habitable rocky worlds, whether they might be able to support life.
Reference: “TOI-3757 b: A low-density gas giant orbiting a solar-metallicity M dwarf” by Shubham Kanodia, Jessica Libby-Roberts, Caleb I. Cañas, Joe P. Ninan, Suvrath Mahadevan, Gudmundur Stefansson, Andrea S. J. Lin, Sinclaire Jones, Andrew Monson, Brock A. Parker, Henry A. Kobulnicky, Tera N. Swaby, Luke Powers, Corey Beard, Chad F. Bender, Cullen H. Blake, William D. Cochran, Jiayin Dong, Scott A. Diddams, Connor Fredrick, Arvind F. Gupta, Samuel Halverson, Fred Hearty, Sarah E. Logsdon, Andrew J. Metcalf, Michael W. McElwain, Caroline Morley, Jayadev Rajagopal, Lawrence W. Ramsey, Paul Robertson, Arpita Roy, Christian Schwab, Ryan C. Terrien, John Wisniewski and Jason T. Wright, 5 August 2022, The Astronomical Journal.
DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ac7c20